Introduction to Tenses
Definition
Tense is the form taken by a verb to indicate the time of an action and its state of completion or continuation.
Explanation (हिन्दी में)
क्रिया (Verb) के उस रूप को Tense (काल) कहते हैं जिससे यह पता चलता है कि कोई कार्य किस समय (समय बिंदु) पर हुआ है और उसकी स्थिति (पूर्णता या निरंतरता) क्या है।
Tense को मुख्य रूप से तीन भागों में विभाजित किया गया है, और प्रत्येक के चार उप-भाग होते हैं (कुल 12 Structures):
- Present Tense (वर्तमान काल): जो समय अभी चल रहा है।
- Past Tense (भूतकाल): जो समय बीत चुका है।
- Future Tense (भविष्य काल): जो समय आने वाला है।
PART 1: THE 12 TENSE STRUCTURES & COMPETITIVE RULES
1. Present Tense Structures
A. Present Simple / Indefinite
- Structure:
Sub + V1 + s/es (Singular Sub) + Obj|Sub + Do/Does + not + V1 + Obj - The Golden Rules (Competitive Exams के लिए सबसे महत्वपूर्ण):
- Habitual / Routine Actions (आदतें): Always, never, seldom, usually, everyday, once a week जैसे शब्दों के साथ हमेशा Present Simple आता है।
- Example: He goes for a walk everyday.
- Universal / Scientific Truths (सत्य सिद्धांत): जो बातें हमेशा सत्य रहती हैं।
- Example: The sun rises in the east. Water boils at 100°C.
- Proverbs (कहावतें): Example: Fortune favors the brave.
- Habitual / Routine Actions (आदतें): Always, never, seldom, usually, everyday, once a week जैसे शब्दों के साथ हमेशा Present Simple आता है।
B. Present Continuous / Progressive
- Structure:
Sub + is/am/are + V(ing) + Obj - The Rule of Static Verbs (अपवाद): कुछ क्रियाओं (Verbs of Perception/Emotion/Possession) का प्रयोग सामान्यतः Continuous form में नहीं किया जाता।
- Words: See, hear, smell, love, hate, know, understand, own, possess, believe.
- Incorrect: I
am knowingthe answer. ➔ Correct: I know the answer. - Incorrect: This house
is belongingto me. ➔ Correct: This house belongs to me.
C. Present Perfect
- Structure:
Sub + has/have + V3 + Obj - Key Triggers: Just, already, yet, so far, recently, up to now.
- Rule for ‘YET’: ‘Yet’ का प्रयोग हमेशा Present Perfect के Negative वाक्यों में वाक्य के अंत में होता है।
- Example: The train has not arrived yet.
D. Present Perfect Continuous
- Structure:
Sub + has/have + been + V(ing) + Obj + Since/For + Time - Application: जो कार्य भूतकाल में शुरू हुआ और वर्तमान में भी जारी है। (Since/For का नियम पिछले अध्याय के अनुसार लागू होता है)।
- Example: She has been practicing medicine since 2022.
2. Past Tense Structures
A. Past Simple / Indefinite
- Structure:
Sub + V2 + Obj|Sub + did + not + V1 + Obj(Did के साथ हमेशा V1 आता है) - Key Triggers: Yesterday, ago, last year, in 1947, the other day.
- The “It is time” Rule (विशेष नियम): यदि वाक्य की शुरुआत It is time, It is high time, या It is about time से हो और उसके बाद Subject आए, तो आने वाली क्रिया हमेशा V2 (Past Simple) होगी।
- Incorrect: It is high time we
startstudying. - Correct: It is high time we started studying.
- Incorrect: It is high time we
B. Past Continuous
- Structure:
Sub + was/were + V(ing) + Obj - Application: भूतकाल में किसी निश्चित समय पर जारी रहने वाले कार्य।
- Example: While my mother was cooking, I was reading a book. (समानांतर कार्य)
C. Past Perfect (The Doctor-Patient Rule)
- Structure:
Sub + had + V3 + Obj - The Two-Action Rule (भूतकाल के दो कार्य): जब भूतकाल में दो कार्य एक के बाद एक हुए हों, तो पहले समाप्त होने वाले कार्य के लिए Past Perfect (had + V3) और बाद में होने वाले कार्य के लिए Past Simple (V2) का प्रयोग होता है।
- Formula 1:
Past Perfect + BEFORE + Past Simple - Formula 2:
Past Simple + AFTER + Past Perfect - Example: The train had left (1st action) before I reached (2nd action) the station.
- Example: The patient died (2nd action) after the doctor had arrived (1st action).
- Formula 1:
D. Past Perfect Continuous
- Structure:
Sub + had + been + V(ing) + Obj + Since/For + Time - Application: भूतकाल में कोई कार्य कुछ समय तक लगातार चल रहा था और भूतकाल में ही समाप्त हो गया।
- Example: He had been working at the firm for ten years before he resigned.
3. Future Tense Structures
A. Future Simple
- Structure:
Sub + will/shall + V1 + Obj - Example: I shall meet you tomorrow.
B. Future Continuous
- Structure:
Sub + will/shall + be + V(ing) + Obj - Example: This time tomorrow, I will be flying to London.
C. Future Perfect (The Deadline Rule)
- Structure:
Sub + will/shall + have + V3 + Obj - Application: भविष्य में किसी निश्चित समय या डेडलाइन (By the end of this month, By next year) तक किसी कार्य के पूर्ण हो जाने की संभावना।
- Example: By the end of this year, he will have completed his graduation.
- Formula:
Future Perfect + BY THE TIME + Present Simple - Example: By the time you reach, the match will have started.
D. Future Perfect Continuous
- Structure:
Sub + will/shall + have been + V(ing) + Obj + For + Time - Example: By next month, she will have been living in Delhi for five years.
PART 2: SEQUENCE OF TENSES (कालों का अनुक्रम)
Sequence of Tenses वह नियम है जो यह निर्धारित करता है कि यदि किसी वाक्य में एक से अधिक क्लॉज (Clauses) हैं, तो Principal Clause (मुख्य उपवाक्य) के Tense के अनुसार Subordinate Clause (आश्रित उपवाक्य) का Tense क्या होना चाहिए।
[PRINCIPAL CLAUSE] ──────────────────► Controls the Tense of ──────────────────► [SUBORDINATE CLAUSE]
Rule 1: The Past Tense Dominance Rule
यदि Principal Clause का Verb Past Tense में है, तो Subordinate Clause का Verb भी अनिवार्य रूप से Past Tense में ही होगा।
- Incorrect: He said (Past) that he is (Present) learning English.
- Correct: He said that he was learning English.
- Incorrect: She informed me that she has passed the exam.
- Correct: She informed me that she had passed the exam.
Critical Exception to Rule 1 (परम अपवाद – सार्वभौमिक सत्य):
यदि Subordinate Clause में कोई Universal Truth (सार्वभौमिक सत्य), Scientific Fact, Habitual Fact या Proverb (कहावत) कही गई हो, तो Principal Clause के Past Tense में होने पर भी Subordinate Clause का Tense हमेशा Present Simple ही रहेगा।
- Incorrect: Our teacher said that the earth revolved around the sun.
- Correct: Our teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun. (पृथ्वी आज भी घूमती है, अतः वर्तमान काल रहेगा)
- Correct: He said that honesty is the best policy.
2. Rule 2: Present/Future Independence Rule
यदि Principal Clause का Verb Present या Future Tense में है, तो Subordinate Clause का Verb वाक्य के अर्थ के अनुसार किसी भी Tense (Present, Past, Future) में हो सकता है। उस पर कोई बंधन नहीं होता।
- Correct: He thinks that she is a doctor. (Present – Present)
- Correct: He thinks that she was a doctor. (Present – Past)
- Correct: He thinks that she will be a doctor. (Present – Future)
3. Rule 3: Purpose Clauses with ‘LEST’ and ‘SO THAT’
A. The ‘Lest…Should’ Rule:
यदि Subordinate Clause किसी उद्देश्य या नकारात्मक चेतावनी को दर्शाने के लिए Lest (ऐसा न हो कि / वर्ना) से शुरू होता है, तो उसके बाद आने वाले क्लॉज में केवल और केवल Should + V1 का प्रयोग हो सकता है। ‘Lest’ के साथ कभी भी not का प्रयोग नहीं होता क्योंकि यह स्वयं नकारात्मक है।
- Incorrect: Walk fast lest you
will missthe train. - Incorrect: Walk fast lest you should
notmiss the train. - Correct: Walk fast lest you should miss the train.
B. The ‘So That’ Rule:
यदि Principal Clause में उद्देश्य बताने के लिए So that / In order that का प्रयोग हुआ है:
- अगर Principal Clause Present में है ➔ Subordinate Clause में May आएगा।
- अगर Principal Clause Past में है ➔ Subordinate Clause में Might आएगा।
- Example 1: We eat so that we may live. (Eat Present है)
- Example 2: He worked hard so that he might clear the exam. (Worked Past है)
4. Rule 4: Conditional Sentences Sequence (शर्तवाचक वाक्य)
| Condition Type | If-Clause Structure (शर्त) | Main Clause Structure (परिणाम) | Master Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1: Open / Real | If + Present Simple (V1) | Sub + Will/Shall/Can + V1 | If it rains, I will cancel the meeting. |
| Type 2: Imaginary | If + Past Simple (V2 / Were) | Sub + Would/Could + V1 | If I were a king, I would help the poor. |
| Type 3: Unfulfilled Past | If + Past Perfect (Had+V3) | Sub + Would have + V3 | If you had studied, you would have passed. |
Note: Conditional Clauses (If, When, Before, After, As soon as, Until, Unless) के ठीक अंदर कभी भी Will/Shall/Would का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
